Salmonella is an important bacterial genus which causes one of the most common forms of food poisoning worldwide. Throughout history typhoid fever – caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi – triggered many dire outbreaks, and people eventually recognized the link between this disease and contaminated food or beverages.
Karl Joseph Eberth, a doctor and student of Rudolf Virchow, discovered the bacillus in the abdominal lymph nodes and the spleen in After he had published his observations in and , his discovery was subsequently confirmed by German and English bacteriologists, including Robert Koch.
The genus “Salmonella” was named after Daniel Elmer Salmon, a veterinary pathologist who ran a The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) microorganism research program in the s. Together with Theobald Smith, he found Salmonella in hogs that succumbed to the disease known as hog cholera.
The story of Mary Mallon
Mary Mallon was born in Ireland and immigrated to the United States in She is considered the first famous carrier of typhoid fever in the United States. Initially engaged in as a cook by Charles Henry Warren, a wealthy New York banker,
伤寒玛丽：一百年前，让人类首次意识到存在“无症状感染者”
本期内容属于“致命传染病”系列
作者：地高辛
引子
年 2 月[1]，纽约的天气非常寒冷，公共卫生专家乔治·索伯（George A. Soper）[2]正坐在温暖的办公室里，读着欧洲战局的报道。此时，电话突然响了，听筒里传来了一个急切的声音：“先生，我是斯隆妇女医院（Sloane Hospital for Women），我们这里很可能出现了伤寒！”听到伤寒这个词，索伯忍不住打了个寒颤。放下电话，他立即赶往医院。
乔治·索伯（）
在斯隆妇女医院，20 多人被确诊为伤寒，医院怀疑一个叫玛丽·布朗的厨师很可能是传染源，因为病人都吃过她做的点心。听到玛丽这个名字，索伯吃了一惊：“不会这么巧吧？居然也叫玛丽。”
他接着询问道：“她现在人在哪儿？”
医院的人答：“已经走了。”
索伯追问：“她长什么样？”
医院的人答：“五英尺六英寸（m）高，金发碧眼，很健壮。”
有人找出了玛丽·布朗工作中的单据和一封信递给索伯。索伯一看到这位自称玛丽·布朗的人写的字，立即惊叫了起来：“她不是玛丽·布朗，她是玛丽·马龙，那个恐怖的，失踪很久的伤寒玛丽。[3]该死的，马上报警！快，一秒钟都不能耽搁。必须要找到她，要不纽约可就要出大麻烦了，会死很多人！”
伤寒玛丽（Typhoid Mary）是谁？为什么她能引起如此恐慌？让我从伤寒给你讲起。
恐怖的伤寒
现在我们已经知道，伤寒是一种通过被污染的水和食物传播的肠道传染病，传染方式与霍乱相似。人类历史上，它也是一种臭名昭著的传染病，可人类真正了解它，却始于 19 世纪。说到这，一定有同学会问：我国的张仲景不是早就写过《伤寒杂病论》吗？这里我要解释一下，本文叙述的是现代医学概念下的传染病“伤寒”，和我国古代医学中说的伤寒是两个概念。
中医的伤寒是一种泛指，是一大类症状的总称。而本文说的伤寒是一种由微生物引起的特定传染病。得了这种病，一开始会觉得乏力、食欲减退，体温逐渐升高到 ℃，接着会出现肝脾肿大、皮肤玫瑰疹、腹部胀痛、便秘或腹泻的症状，常伴有精神恍惚、呆滞或心跳缓慢等，严重的会出现肠出血、肠穿孔、中毒性肝炎、中毒性心肌炎等[4]。许多病人的死亡都由这些症状引发，死亡时也是痛苦万分。伤寒的死亡率一般在 %[5]，有些地区可达 57%。伤寒的死亡率之高，甚至对军队作战都造成了影响。美国南北战争时（），北军因作战死亡的人数是 9 万多，可死于伤寒和痢疾的人数就达到了 8 万多[6]。伤寒不仅死亡率高，而且经常流行。 年间，英国每年有 人死于伤寒，就连维多利亚女王的丈夫阿尔伯特亲王，也是在伤寒的折磨下痛苦而亡[7]。
维多利亚女王和阿尔伯特亲王
伤寒（Typhoid Fever）与人类的第一次“接触”可能始于公元前 年的古希腊。当时，正值第二次伯罗奔
Eberth, Carl Joseph
(b. Würzburg, Germany, 21 September ; d. Berlin, Germany, 2 December )
comparative anatomy, pathology, bacteriology.
Eberth was the son of an artist, who died when Carl Joseph was still young. The boy helped his mother support the family by cutting out silhouette pictures. Nevertheless, he was able to attend the University of Würzburg, where he was drawn to biology and medicine by some of Germany’s foremost teachers: Kölliker, Heinrich Müller, Leydig, and Virchow.
From to Eberth worked as an assistant in the Pathological Institute in Würzburg. In the latter year he completed a dissertation on the biology and parasitic characteristics of whipworms and was granted the M.D. degree. He then became a prosector under Heinrich Müller at the Institute of Comparative Anatomy. Here he concentrated on histology, both normal and abnormal. He passed the Habilitation in and two years later moved to Zurich as extraordinarius in pathology, becoming ordinarius in From , until his call to Halle in , Eberth also taught histology and embryology in the school of veterinary medicine at the University of Zurich.
In Halle, Eberth was professor of comparative anatom
Eberth, Karl Joseph: 9. Würzburg — 2. Berlin; Anatom, Pathologe, Bakteriologe
Beschreibung
Umfassende medizinische und zootomische Ausbildung in Würzburg (Lehrer u. a. R. A. Koelliker und?R. Virchow); habilitiert; Extraordinarius, Ordinarius (Anatomie und Pathologie) in Zürich, auch Lehrstuhl für Pathologie, Histologie und Entwicklungsgeschichte an der Tierarzneischule in Zürich. Ruf nach Halle (vergleichende Anatomie und Histologie, seit pathologische Anatomie); emeritiert. Bahnbrechende Veröffentlichungen auf den von ihm gelehrten Gebieten, außerdem in der Parasitologie und Bakteriologie. Entdeckte und beschrieb den später als „EberthGaffky-Bazillus" bezeichneten Typhuserreger.
Genealogisches
[Verweis] Kunstmaler; (verh.) Elisabeth Hollensteiner.
Werke
u. a. Die Organismen in d. Organen b. Typhus abdominalis, in: Virchows Archiv f. patholog. Anatomie 81,
Literatur
NDB 4; BLÄ; R. Benezke, in: Berliner klin. Wschr., (W) und in: Münchner med. Wschr., Ka
Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg
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